He was a Renaissance man and a pioneer in printmaking. Raphael was one of the first artists to use this medium. Moreover, he was crucial in the emergence of the modern conception of the artist. Raphael was born on April 6, , in Urbino, Italy. At this time, Urbino was a small dukedom in the Papal States and one of the centers of the Renaissance. His father was Giovanni Santi, who was the court painter for the Duke of Urbino. His childhood was idyllic, but his mother died when he was eight and his father died when he was just eleven.
This story may be apocryphal, because Raphael was later apprenticed to the well-known painter Perugino, in Umbria. While serving his apprenticeship, he worked on frescoes and learned new techniques. Raphael soon developed his unique style, as seen in the Oddi Altar place, completed in From an early age, he was committed to demonstrating the grandeur of humanity, probably under the influence of Neoplatonism.
After completing his apprenticeship, the young painter moved to Florence, where he studied the works of Leonardo and others. He composed a series of paintings on the Madonna Virgin Mary , and this made him famous. Raphael painted several massive frescoes, among the most famous of these is the School of Athens, a painting of the great ancient Greek philosophers. He labored for over four years to create a cycle of frescoes that include the Triumph of Religion.
These images express the Christian humanist philosophy that was prevalent in Rome at the time. These paintings were very well-received, and the Pope commissioned another set of frescoes for the Room of Heliodorus.
These works are considered among the greatest works of the High Renaissance. At the same time, Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel, and he came to dislike the younger painter. He began to suspect that Raphael was conspiring with others against him. Michelangelo accused the young man from Urbino of plagiarising his work, but no one took this seriously. While working on the Vatican Rooms, Raphael established a workshop where he and his assistants produced numerous paintings of the Virgin Mary, including the renowned Sistine Madonna He also painted many notable portraits at the time, including that of Pope Julius II and two cardinals and the astounding character study of the writer Baldassare Castiglione Raphael was a tireless worker, and he also produced many great cartoons, and he is regarded as one of the greatest draughtsmen in all western art.
Raphael, like the other significant Renaissance figures, was a man of many talents, and he was also an architect. Raphael had great respect for the classical past, and he was one of the first to display an interest in archaeology. He urged the Pope to stop the destruction of ancient ruins. It was often the case that old buildings were pulled down and their materials recycled in new buildings.
Raphael was appointed the commissioner of antiquities for the city of Rome by Julius II. In this role, he preserved many ruins, collected inscriptions, and drew up a map of the archaeology of Rome. He was a prevalent figure in Rome and notorious for his numerous affairs. He became engaged to a niece of a Cardinal but was reluctant to marry her because he was deeply in love with his mistress and model, Margarita Luti, known as La Fornarina.
Raphael painted Luti several times. At his side is Aristotle, in turn holding his Ethics and pointing to the earth. The two philosophers and their gesturing make a point which is the core of the philosophy of Marsilio Ficino: Aristotle's gesture symbolizes the positive spirit; the vertical gesture of Plato alludes to a superior quality, the contemplation of ideas.
On the left, cloaked in an olive mantle, is Socrates, arguing in a group that includes Chrysippus, Xenophon, Aeschines and Alcibiades. Facing the venerable Venetian scientist Zeno, is Epicurus, crowned with grape leaves, presumably defending the principle of hedonism. Attentively followed by his pupils including the turbanned Averroes Pythagoras teaches the diatesseron from a book.
In strong contrast in front of him is Xenocrates others say Parmenides. In the foreground, head resting on his arm, the mournful Heracleitus with the features of Michelangelo. The absence of this figure in the original cartoon now in Milan's Ambrosian Library and its obvious Michelangelo style it is modelled on the Sybils and Ignudi of the Sistine ceiling , leads us to believe that Raphael added this figure in when, after completing the room, he saw the first half of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling frescoes.
In tribute to his great rival, Raphael portrayed Michelangelo in the guise of the philosopher from Ephesus. The child at the side of Epicurus, clearly indifferent to the speculations of the thinkers, seems to be Federico Gonzaga , later Federico II of Mantua of the famous Gonzaga family of Renaissance patrons and collectors.
Further to the right, calmly reclining on the stairs, is Diogenes, the oject of the remonstrations by the disciples of the Academy. In the foreground, to the right of Aristotle, Raphael placed the High Renaissance architect Donato Bramante in the person of Euclid, who is pictured bending over a table and demonstrating a theorem with the aid of a compass.
Bramante, the architectural adviser to Julius II, and a distant relative of Raphael's from Urbino, was responsible for Raphael's summons to Rome, and the younger man reciprocates by signing his name in the gold border of Bramante's tunic.
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